Wednesday, February 23, 2011

Potentiostat LPR technique


The LPR technique is the most frequently used being both quick and easy. A small sweep from typically -10 mV to +10 mV at 10 mV/min around the rest potential is performed. The resulting current/voltage plot usually exhibits a straight line the inverse slope of which is proportional to the corrosion rate. The Gill AC Gill 8 and 12 the Field Machine the Pocket Machine the LPR meter and the Bubble Test software all use this method.

Tuesday, February 15, 2011

Kulim Kht Contact Angle/Goniometer




Captive bubble method in contact lens studies


Contact lenses are widely used and hydrogel contact lenses are the most
prescribed type of contact lenses around the world. Hydrogel lenses are made from
hydrophilic polymers, such as polyhydroxyethyl. Contact lenses should have certain
characteristics to avoid discomfort during wear. These include an adequate oxygen
permeability, lens motion and surface wettability. A fairly recently discovered
material for contact lens manufacturing is the silicone hydrogel, which is suitable for
long term use as it has improved oxygen delivery on the ocular surface. However,
this material has been reported to have reduced wettability compared to the other
materials used in hydrogel contact lenses.
The wettability of a lens is measured on the abilities of the lens to support a
continuous and rupture-resistant tear film on its surface. A lens with a limited
wettability is uncomfortable and has a reduced visual performance. Therefore it has
been a major investment for the contact lens industry to develop a soft lens surface
that is highly wettable in the ocular environment.

How to study the wettability of contact lenses?

Contact angle measurement is the most common method used to characterize
wettability of solid surfaces. There are a variety of contact angle techniques that can
be used for this purpose: the sessile drop method and the captive bubble method.
Sessile drop and captive bubble methods can also be used simultaneously to
measure the different contact angles of a lens. Sessile drop method can be used to
examine the advancing contact angle and captive bubble method to obtain the
receding contact angle. Both of these contact angles can also be obtained only by
captive bubble method. Captive bubble method is very useful as it is possible to
maintain fully hydrated conditions on the lens surface during the experiment. This is
essential as the drying of the lens causes the setup to be far from the ideal
conditions. Figure 1a illustrates the sessile drop method, where a drop of water is
replaced on a glass slide. The contact angle obtained with this method was 140°. In
Figure 1b the contact angle of an air bubble in water is obtained with the captive
bubble method and it is calculated to be 40°. Contact angle hysteresis is the
difference between the advancing and receding contact angles. It can be used to
characterize the surface roughness, chemical heterogeneity, re-arrangement of
molecules at the surface, solid swelling and mobility. In highly water wetting lenses
the contact angle hysteresis is eliminated and both the advancing and receding
contact angles approach zero.

Captive bubble technique

In the captive bubble method the contact angle is measured by placing a bubble of
air onto the lens surface with a capillary while the lens is immersed in a liquid.
Preferably the lens should be soaked in liquid for a couple days before the
measurement takes place in order to get the lens fully wet. The conditions in this
experiment should mimic the in vivo conditions as good as possible, meaning that
the liquid used in the contact angle experiments should be close to the real nature
of a tear film in the eye. The tear film is composed of surface active components
such as mucin and lysozyme.
Receding and advancing contact angles are both important measures of contact
lens wettability. A receding angle forms as the water phase moves away from the
capillary. This corresponds to the situation when the eyelid is open and the tear film
starts rupturing on the lens. The advancing contact angle develops as the water
phase moves towards the capillary. This is the case when the eyelid closes and the
tear film on the lens starts to recover.

A solution for finding improved wettability?

With captive bubble method contact angles of lenses can be measured in different
solutions to obtain the most ideal solution that wets the lens best. Some have
reported that significant change can’t be seen in whether the solution is pure water
or a liquid containing surfactants (like the contact lens solutions on the market).
Also studies of different coatings to improve the lens wettability have been made.
Protein coatings have found to be successful in improving the wettability of contact
lenses. Protein coatings resist the tear protein adsorption and deposition into the
lens.

Thursday, February 3, 2011

Biolin Q-Sense Kulim Kht QCM-D



QCM-D Technology

By collecting both the dissipation and the resonance frequency of a quartz crystal,
QCM-D technology can be used to characterize the formation of thin films (nm) such as proteins, polymers and cells onto surfaces, in liquid. This is QCM-D, Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring, Q-Sense's proprietary sensor technology.

In liquid, an adsorbed film may consist of a considerably high amount of water, which is sensed as a mass uptake by all QCMs. By measuring several frequencies and the dissipation it becomes possible to determine whether the adsorbed film is rigid or water-rich (soft) which is not possible by looking only at the frequency response. The amount of water in an adsorbed film can be as high as 95% depending on the kind of molecule and the type of surface you are studying. Picture elongated molecules - if they would adsorb flat on the surface, little water will be coupled to the molecules. However, if they adsorb standing up at the surface, lots of water will be coupled. With QCM-D the kinetics of both structural changes and mass changes are obtained simultaneously.
Would you like to ask specific questions or gain more information about the QCM-D technique? You are welcome to contact us at any time.
The QCM-D Principle
Unlike all other QCMs, QCM-D monitors the response of the freely oscillating crystal, which is faster and more accurate than the usual frequency sweep principle.